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A total of 48 vaccines are currently being evaluated in humans and 11 are in the final evaluation phase.
Of the 48 experimental vaccines against covid-19 currently in clinical trials in humans, only eleven have entered phase 3, the last one before being approved by health authorities, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
This is a review of the first vaccines that are likely to hit the market.
– “The messenger RNA”, on the front line:
These are currently the potential vaccines that appear to be the most advanced and use ultra-innovative technology. It consists of injecting fragments of genetic instructions called messenger RNA into human cells to produce specific coronavirus proteins or “antigens”. These proteins will be delivered to the immune system, which will then produce antibodies.
– Pfizer: the US giant and its German partner BioNTech are preparing to apply to the US Medicines Agency for an emergency use authorization for a vaccine which may be available before the end of the year. The companies presented interim results from Phase 3 a few days ago with “over 90%” efficiency in attendees, before announcing full results that show 95% efficiency this Wednesday.
– Modern: The American Biotechnology Society announced Monday that its vaccine it was 94.5% effective. It plans to produce 20 million doses by the end of the year.
– Well known inactivated antivirus technology:
Several vaccines use this technology: SARS-CoV-2 infectious agents are treated chemically, or with heat, to lose their harmfulness, preserving their ability to provoke an immune response. It is the most traditional form of vaccination.
– Sinovac: the Chinese biotechnology company has launched a phase 3 trial for the “CoronaVac” with thousands of volunteers, mainly in Brazil.
– Sinopharm, another Chinese laboratory, has launched two vaccine projects with Chinese research institutes. China expects to be able to produce 610 million doses per year of various covid-19 vaccines by the end of the year and has already authorized urgent use of some of them.
– The Indian company Bharat Biotech, for its part, began in November to recruit around 26,000 people for its “COVAXIN”, developed with the support of the Indian government, and is committed to vaccine available in the first half of 2021.
– Vector viral vaccines:
Viral vector vaccines use another, more virulent virus as a vector, transformed to add part of the virus responsible for covid-19. The modified virus penetrates into the cells of vaccinated people, which produce a typical SARS-CoV-2 protein, educating their immune systems to recognize it.
– AstraZeneca, Anglo-Swedish group and the University of Oxford: them vaccine uses an adenovirus as a viral vector. The results of the trial are expected this year.
Johnson & Johnson: The American has started two clinical trials of his candidate composed of a modified adenovirus, one of a single dose and the other of two. Around the world, 90,000 volunteers will participate. Results are expected in the first quarter of 2021.
– CanSino Biological: the Chinese company developed “Ad5-nCoV”, together with the army, a vaccine based on adenovirus. Phase 3 trials have started in Mexico, Russia and Pakistan.
– Sputnik V: developed by the Gamaleya Epidemiology Research Center, with the Russian Ministry of Defense, this vaccine it is based on the use of two viral vectors, two adenoviruses. The Russians announced a 92% efficiency a few days ago. However, the Gamaleya institute is accused of breaking the usual protocols to speed up the scientific process. Several senior Russian officials have announced that they have already been vaccinated with Sputnik V.
– A recombinant protein vaccine:
– Novavax: the American biotechnology company works in a vaccine called a recombinant “subunit”. The coronavirus has spikes (viral proteins) on its surface that come into contact with cells and infect them. These proteins can be replicated and then presented to the immune system for reaction. Novavax launched its Phase 3 clinical trial in the UK in September and a trial in the US is expected to start by the end of November. Preliminary data is expected for the first quarter of 2021.
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