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Laser powder bed melting is a dominant additive manufacturing technology that has yet to reach its potential. The problem the industry faces is that sometimes tiny bubbles or pores form during the printing process and these pores create weak spots in the finished products.
When a low-speed, high-powered laser melts metal powder while 3D printing a part, a keyhole-shaped cavity can occur in the weld pool. Pores, i.e. defects, form at the bottom of the keyhole. New research published in Science reveals how pores are generated and become defects trapped in the solidifying metal.
“The real practical value of this research is that we can be precise about machine control to avoid this problem,” says Anthony D. Rollett, professor of materials science and engineering at Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering and lead co-author of the paper, ” Critical instability at the tip of the moving keyhole generates porosity in the laser melt. “
Building on previous research that quantified the keyhole phenomenon, the research team used extremely bright high-energy X-ray images to observe the keyhole instabilities. Pores form during keyhole fluctuations and change its shape: the keyhole tip turns into a “J” shape and pinches. This unstable behavior generates acoustic waves in the liquid metal that push the pores away from the keyhole so that they survive long enough to be trapped in the resolidifying metal. The team is the first to focus on this behavior and identify what’s going on.
“When you have a deep keyhole, the walls swing strongly. Occasionally, the wobbles are strong enough at the bottom of the keyhole to come off, leaving a large bubble behind. Sometimes this bubble never reconnects to the main keyhole. It collapses and generates an acoustic shock wave. This pulls the remaining pores away from the keyhole, ”says Rollett.
It is important to note that the keyholes themselves are not defects and, for example, increase the efficiency of the laser. Using synchrotron X-ray equipment at Argonne National Laboratories, the only facility in the United States where the researchers could perform these experiments, they noticed that there is a well-defined boundary between stable and unstable keyholes.
“As long as you stay out of the danger zone [i.e., too hot, too slow], the risk of leaving defects is quite small, “says Rollett.
Fluctuations in the depth of the keyhole increase strongly with decreasing scanning speed and laser power on the unstable side of the border.
“You can think of the border as a speed limit, except that it’s the opposite of driving a car. In this case, it becomes more dangerous as you go slower. If you are below the speed limit, you are almost certainly generating a glitch, ”adds Rollett.
On a larger scale, by demonstrating the existence of well-defined keyhole porosity boundaries and demonstrating the ability to reproduce them, science can offer a more secure basis for predicting and improving printing processes. Rollett, who is the faculty co-director of Carnegie Mellon’s Next Manufacturing Center, thinks the results of this research will quickly find their way into how companies use their 3D printers.
Watch Prof. Rollett discuss the metal 3D printing process and using advanced characterization techniques to solve industry challenges in the field.
The research team includes co-lead author Tao Sun, University of Virginia; Cang Zhao, Tsinghua University, China; Niranjan D. Parab and Kamel Fezzaa, Argonne National Laboratory; Xuxiao Li and Wenda Tan, University of Utah.
Funding sources include the Department of Energy, the Department of Defense, the University’s Leadership Initiative program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation, and start-up funds from the Tsinghua University Department of Mechanical Engineering. and the University of Virginia.
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