Large area flexible organic photodiodes can compete with silicon devices

The performance of large-area flexible organic photodiodes has advanced to the point where they can now offer advantages over conventional silicon photodiode technology, particularly for applications such as biomedical imaging and biometric monitoring that require low light detection on large areas.

The low-noise, flexible organic devices elaborated in solution offer the ability to use arbitrary shaped large area photodiodes to replace complex arrays that would be required with conventional silicon photodiodes, which can be expensive to scale for large area applications. Organic devices provide performance comparable to that of rigid silicon photodiodes in the visible light spectrum, except in response time.

“What we have obtained is the first demonstration that these devices, produced from a solution at low temperatures, can detect only a few hundred thousand photons of visible light every second, similar to the magnitude of the light reaching our eye from a single star. in a dark sky, “said Canek Fuentes-Hernandez, principal investigator at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. “The ability to coat these materials on large substrates with arbitrary shapes means that flexible organic photodiodes now offer some clear advantages over cutting-edge silicon photodiodes in applications that require response times of the order of tens of microseconds.”

The development and performance of large low noise organic photodiodes are described in the November 6 issue of the journal Science. The research was supported by multiple organizations, including the Naval Research Bureau, the Air Force Scientific Research Office, and the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Safety Administration.

Organic electronic devices rely on materials manufactured from carbon-based molecules or polymers instead of conventional inorganic semiconductors such as silicon. The devices can be made using simple solutions and inkjet printing techniques instead of the costly and complex processes involved in conventional electronics manufacturing. The technology is now widely used in displays, solar cells and other devices.

Organic photodiodes use polyethyleneimine, an amine-containing polymer surface modifier found to produce air-stable, low-work function electrodes in photovoltaic devices developed in the laboratory of Bernard Kippelen, Joseph M. Pettit Professor at Georgia Tech. It has also been shown that the use of polyethyleneimine produces photovoltaic devices with low levels of dark current, the electric current that flows through a device even in the dark. This meant that the materials could be useful in photodetectors for capturing faint visible light signals.

“Over the years, dark current levels have been reduced so much that the measurement equipment had to be redesigned to detect an electronic noise corresponding to a fluctuation of one electron in one millionth of a second,” said Fuentes-Hernandez. the first author of the article. . “This work reflects the sustained team efforts made in the Kippelen group for more than six years and includes part of the PhD work of recent graduates Talha Kahn and Wen-Fang Chou. These collective efforts have produced the scientific knowledge necessary to prove photodiodes organic with this level of performance. ”

One application for the new devices is in pulse oximeters now placed on fingers to measure heart rate and blood oxygen levels. Organic photodiodes can allow multiple devices to be placed on the body and operate with 10 times less light than conventional devices. This could allow wearable health monitors to produce improved physiological information and continuous monitoring without frequent battery changes. Other potential applications include human-computer interfaces such as contactless gesture recognition and controls.

A future application is the detection of ionizing radiation by scintillation, a flash of light emitted by a phosphor when struck by a high-energy particle. Lowering the detectable light level would improve the sensitivity of the device, allowing it to detect lower levels of radiation. Detection of radiation emitted by cargo vehicles or containers requires a large detection area, which would be easier to obtain from organic photodiodes than from silicon photodiode arrays.

Organic photodiodes could have similar advantages in X-ray equipment, where doctors want to use the lowest possible level of radiation to minimize the dose delivered to the patient. Again, sensitivity, large area, and flexible form factor should give organic photodiodes an advantage over silicon-based arrays.

“We are working to improve the response time of the photodetector because producing fast photodetectors would allow many other important applications,” said Fuentes-Hernandez. “There is a real need to develop photodetector technologies that are more scalable and one of the rationale for this work is to advance organic technology that we know is cost-effective for scaling.”

Organic photodiodes can exhibit electronic noise current values ​​of the order of tens of femtoampere and noise-equivalent power values ​​of a couple of hundred femtowatts. The key performance factors of organic photodiodes compare well to silicon except in the response time area, where researchers are working on a hundredfold improvement to enable future applications.

“Because we use materials that are processed from the inks using printing techniques, they aren’t as ordered as crystalline materials,” Kippelen said. “As a result, the vector mobility and the velocity of the vectors that can move through these materials are lower, so you can’t get the same fast signals you get with silicon. But for many applications you don’t need picoseconds or nanoseconds. reply.”

For Kippelen, the photodiode work shows the results of a 25-year effort to improve the performance of organic electronic materials. That work, part of Georgia Tech’s Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, involved extensive device modeling to understand basic science and research to continuously increase material performance.

“Thin organic films absorb light more efficiently than silicon, so the overall thickness needed to absorb that light is very small,” Kippelen said. “Even if you increase their area, the overall volume of your detector remains small with organics. If you increase the area of ​​a silicon detector, you have a larger volume of materials which will generate a lot of electronic noise at room temperature.”

The photodiodes made in the Kippelen laboratory use an active layer only 500 nanometers thick. An ounce of material, about the size of a fingertip, could coat the surface of an office desk.

Kippelen hopes the Science the paper will help open new doors for organic semiconductors.

“Advances like this will allow us to change the common belief that moving to organic materials that can lead to scalable devices would mean sacrificing performance,” he said. “We can’t anticipate all the new applications that might be enabled by this advance.”

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In addition to those already mentioned, the research team included Larissa Diniz, Julia Lukens, Felipe A. Larrain and Victor A. Rodriguez-Toro, all associated with the Kippelen laboratory.

This research was supported by the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research Awards N00014-15 14-1-0580 and N00014-16-1-2520; through the MURI Center for Advanced Organic Photovoltaics (CAOP); by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research through the prize n. FA9550-16-1-0168, the Department of Energy / National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) awards DE-NA0002576 through the Consortium for Nonproliferation Enabling Capabilities (CNEC) and awards DE -NA0003921 through the Consortium for Enabling Technologies and Innovation. Support also came from the Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research through the “Becas Chile” Doctoral Scholarship Program, Grant 72150387; by the Colombian Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation through the Fulbright-Colciencias program; by the National Science Foundation through the Research Experiences for Undergraduates program; and from Brazil’s Science Mobility Program through a scholarship for academic training opportunities.